Kashmir: The World’s Most Misunderstood Conflict

“Such is Kashmir: the country, which may be conquered by the forces of spiritual love but not by the armed forces.” Rajatarangini (The River of Kings). 12th century.

According to expert consensus, Kashmir is the most dangerous place on the planet today because it could trigger nuclear volleys between India and Pakistan. It has sparked two wars between the two South Asian rivals in the past. Thus, this is no time for complacency or aloofness for the world powers. It should seek mediation of the disputed territory (so listed by the United Nations), appoint a special envoy on Kashmir, insist that the genuine political voice of the Kashmiri people, be a full partner in all negotiations over Kashmir’s political destiny. In the interim, the world powers should strongly urge the Government of India to rescind Domicile Law, which was enacted in 2020 simply to change the demography of Jammu & Kashmir; release all political prisoners; punish human rights violators; end its suppression of peaceful political dissent; open Kashmir to the international print and broadcast media; and issue travel documents to Kashmiri leaders to facilitate consultation and consensus among Kashmiri diaspora regarding negotiating planks in talks with the Governments of India, Pakistan, and other interested parties.

Meanwhile, I would like to highlight few fundamental misconceptions which have impaired an enlightened foreign policy of world powers towards Kashmir for many decades. Among the most prominent and pernicious are:

1. Kashmir acceded to India on October 27, 1947. Wrong.

The Maharaja of Kashmir allegedly signed an instrument of accession to India simultaneously with pleading for its military intervention to prop up his toppling repressive regime on October 27, 1947. A full-scale internal and indigenous revolt was on the verge of success at that time. On that date, sovereignty had devolved on the people of Kashmir, and thus the Maharaja was legally powerless to accede Kashmir to any country and thereby extinguish its independence. Moreover, as British scholar Alistair Lamb has convincingly demonstrated in “Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846-1990,” the Instrument of Accession is probably as bogus as the ugly Protocols of the Elders of Zion confected by the Russian Tzar’s Ohkrana secret police. An original of the document has never been produced by India or anyone else. This understanding of the illegitimacy of what the Maharaja and India had done was inherent in the accession parchment itself. Then Governor-General of India, Lord Mountbatton, accepted Kashmir’s accession to his nation contingent upon approval by the people of Kashmir in a free and fair referendum.

2. Kashmiri is the issue of fundamentalism. Wrong.

The term fundamentalism is quite inapplicable to the Kashmiri society. Kashmir has remained the symbol of communal harmony for centuries. It has a long tradition of moderation and non-violence. The traditional hallmark of Kashmir has been religious pluralism, amity and an aversion to the doctrinaire. Its culture cannot and does not generate extremism or fundamentalism. Its four major religious groups – Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Buddhism – live in neighborhoods together; they work together; they socialize together; they celebrate and mourn together; they are a model of religious harmony and ecumenism. And their adherents have not been segregated into residential ghettos. A person no less important than Mahatma Gandhi has eloquently elucidated these sentiments in 1947, “While the rest of the country burns in communal fire, I see a shining ‘Ray of Hope’ in Kashmir only.”

3. Kashmir is an issue of terrorism. Wrong.

At many occasions, virtually all the citizenry of Srinagar (Capitol city of Kashmir) – men, women and children – came out on the streets to lodge a non-violent protest against the continuance of Indian occupation. According to the Srinagar-based newspapers on many occasions in early 1990 more than one million Kashmiris demonstrated against India with 400 memoranda sent to the United Nations to apprise it of the tragic and intolerable situation in the Valley.

“Kashmir The Case for Freedom’ a book compiled by luminaries like: Pankaj Mishra, Arundhati Roy, Tariq Ali, Hilal Bhatt, Angana P. Chatterji wrote on page 8, “1 March 1990, more than half a million people march to the offices of the UN Military Observer Group in Srinagar to demand the implementation of UN resolutions.”

Arundhati Roy wrote in her article, “Azadi: The Only Thing Kashmiris Want” in 2011, “On 16 August, 2008, more than 300,000 people marched to Pampore, to the village of Hurriyat leader Sheikh Abdul Aziz, who was shot down in cold blood five days earlier. Ms. Roy added: “On 18 August, 2008, an equal number gathered in Srinagar on the vast grounds of the TRC (Tourist Reception Centre, not the Truth and Reconciliation Committee), close to the United Nations Military Observers Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), to submit a memorandum.”

Reuters news agency reported on August 18, 2008, “Tens of thousands of Muslims marched peacefully past the United Nations office in Kashmir on Monday, calling on the international body to intervene over the disputed Himalayan region.”

Certainly, terrorists cannot compose the entire populations of the major towns of Indian-Occupied Kashmir. Unquestionably, half a million people cannot be called terrorist. And more importantly, terrorists do not believe in submitting the memoranda to the office of the United Nations as the people of Kashmir do.

4. Pakistan is in violation of the United Nations resolutions since it did not withdraw its troops from Kashmir as required under these resolutions. Wrong.

Professor Joseph Korbel who was the first Chairman of “United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan” has responded to this question in his article, “Nehru, The UN and Kashmir” published in ‘The New Leader’ on March 4, 1957. He writes, “According to the Indian delegate, Pakistan prevented implementation of the section of the UN Commission resolution dealing with a plebiscite by refusing to carry out other part recommending demilitarization of Kashmir. This is not true: Pakistan was not expected to withdraw her forces from Kashmir as long as there was no agreed-upon plan for simultaneous Indian withdrawal.”

5. Kashmir is an integral part of India. Wrong.

Under all United Nations Security Council resolutions, agreed between India and Pakistan, negotiated by the United Nations and endorsed by the Security Council, Kashmir does not belong to any member state of the United Nations. If Kashmir does not belong to any member state of the United Nations, then Indian claim that Kashmir is its integral part does not stand.

‘A lady asked me other day, ‘why Gorbachov would not agree to the Lithuanian demand for independence from the Soviet Union.’ I countered with the question: ‘Do you believe that Kashmir belongs to India?’ ‘Yes, of course’ she said. ‘That is why?’ I said, ‘There are too many Russians who wrongly believe that Lithuania belongs to the Soviet Union, just as you believe that Kashmir belongs to India.’ Minoo Masani, Former Indian Ambassador to Brazil, Dalit Voice, Bangalore, August 1, 1990.

6. Third party mediation is an interference in the internal affairs of India. Wrong.

It is commonly accepted that such objections are sophistry and that all members of the United Nations, by subscribing to the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, become co-responsible for the rights of citizens of all other subscribing states. This is more applicable in the case of Kashmir which is internationally recognized as a “disputed territory” and not as a part of India, and whose future is to be determined by an impartially supervised plebiscite.

7. Abrogation of Article 370 & 35-A pave the way for the development of Kashmir. Wrong.

Kashmir Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI) reported in August 2020 that Kashmir had suffered economic losses worth $5.3 billion. Over 100,000 people have lost jobs since August 5, 2019.

Khalid Shah wrote in ‘The Print’ on August 8, 2020, “Development (in Kashmir) is only visible in Twitter hashtags and shoddy propaganda films. There is no flood of fresh investments.”

New Delhi based “Observer Research Foundation” reported on January 28, 2020, “The horticulture sector is in distress, tourism is in shambles, and students are suffering because of the ongoing internet blockade. It is for the first time in the past 70 years that rural Kashmir is facing such a great degree of economic slowdown. The apples industry in Kashmir, worth INR (Indian Rupee) 80 billion which contributes eight percent of J&K’s GDP, has been worst affected.”

Dr Syed Nazir Gilani has written extensively on the subject. He says that as a constitutional democracy, Government of India does not have any powers that it has exercised on August 5, 2019 and has continuously misled the international community that the steps taken were necessary for the economic development. GOI does not need to resort to these extreme, illegal and unlawful actions to pursue economic development in the state, Dr Gilani added.

8. Jammu & Kashmir Constituent Assembly endorsed Kashmir’s accession to India. Wrong.

The Constituent Assembly of Jammu & Kashmir was convened without an election in the State. 73 out of 75 members of this Assembly were declared to have been elected unopposed.

Secondly, Indian delegate to the United Nations made a statement at the Security Council that the Constituent Assembly would not ‘come in the way’ when the UN will hold plebiscite under its auspices in the State.

Thirdly, when in 1956, the Constituent Assembly declared that Kashmir was the part of India, the Security Council adopted resolution # 122 on March 24, 1957, clearly reaffirming, “the affirmation in its resolution 91 (1951) and declares that the convening of a Constituent Assembly as recommended by the General Council of the “All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference” and any action that Assembly may have taken or might attempt to take to determine the future shape and affiliation of the entire State or any part thereof, or action by the parties concerned in support of any such action by the Assembly, would not constitute a disposition of the State in accordance with the above principle.”

9. Resolution of Kashmir will lead to disintegration of India. Wrong.

A fascinating answer was given to this question by Jayaprakash Narayan, known in India as “People’s Leader & Second Gandhi), “Few things have been said in the course of this controversy more silly than this one. (Will not change in Kashmir’s status lead to disintegration of India?). The assumption behind the argument is that the states of India are held together by force and not by a sentiment of a common nationality. It is an assumption that makes a mockery of the Indian nation and a tyrant of the Indian state.”

Lastly, I wish the world powers take a leaf out of writings of Justice V. M. Tarkundee – referred to as “the Father of the Civil Liberties Movement in India” – who wrote in ‘Radical Humanist,’ New Delhi, in March 1990. “The cause of the Kashmir debacle is the initial denial of the right of self-determination and the subsequent anti-democratic policies pursued by the Indian government…An early solution of the Kashmir problem will be of great benefit to the people of both India and Pakistan. A grant of plebiscite to the people of the Kashmir Valley is the obvious solution.”

(Dr Ghulam Nabi Fai is the Secretary General of World Kashmir Awareness Forum. He can be reached at; 1-202-607-6435 or gnfai2003@yahoo.com)